Escrito por Isabel González Ramírez
Luego de marcar un antes y un después en la defensa de la Consulta Previa, los awá, en La Cabaña (Putumayo), siguen formándose para para garantizar los derechos a la integridad cultural, la libre determinación, el territorio y el uso de los recursos naturales.
La comunidad indígena Awá La Cabaña está ubicada al suroccidente del municipio de Puerto Asís, casi en el límite con Ecuador. Para llegar allí hay que atravesar el río Putumayo y luego adentrarse por los caminos pantanosos que aún hoy sólo atraviesan con comodidad los carros de doble tracción. Quienes conformaron la comunidad llegaron a comienzos de los años 80, huyendo, como lo hacen la mayoría de pueblos indígenas, del conflicto armado y el auge de la explotación maderera, aurífera y la siembra de palma africana en La Guayacana, Nariño.
“Mis abuelos llegaron con 9 hijos. Eran 25 personas y se ubicaron a 12 horas de camino donde más tarde se fundó la vereda y luego se hicieron asambleas para organizarse como cabildo en 2007”, narra Willintong Gelpud, quien tiene 33 años y vive en La Cabaña desde que tiene dos.
Willintong era apenas un niño cuando sus familiares compraron las tierras que ya estaban ocupadas por campesinos. Allí los Awá,que significa gente de montaña, comenzaron a mimetizarse para evitar ser excluidos por su origen étnico. Dejaron de hablar su lengua y también cambiaron su vestimenta. Sin embargo, el ingreso de las empresas extractivas marcó una gran diferencia entre los habitantes de La Cabaña: mientras los campesinos buscaron los beneficios de la explotación petrolera, las 42 familias Awá que conforman el resguardo comenzaron a señalar las afectaciones provocadas en el ambiente.
Cuando las familias llegan por primera vez había mucha abundancia: boruga, venado, tigre guara, guacamayo, gallineta, perdiz, panguana, singo, pintadillo, bocachico, lagartos… pero con el agua contaminada todos los animales se fueron y la tierra dejó de producir como antes
cuenta Willintong Gelpud.
Las afectaciones que enumera Willintong son consecuencia del proyecto “desarrollo de los Campos Quinde, Cohembi y Quillacinga”, que fue entregado en 2009 por Ecopetrol al Consorcio Colombia Energy para el inicio de la explotación de petróleo, incluso con licencia ambiental. La extracción comenzó en 2010 a menos de 1.700 metros de distancia de la comunidad Awá La Cabaña, sin que se le hubiera consultado previamente.
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La explotación petrolera les ha ocasionado daños en la salud, ha afectado la alimentación, las prácticas rituales e incluso ha provocado estigmatización y enfrentamientos armados debido a la presencia militar que resguarda la infraestructura petrolera. Todas estas fueron razones suficientes para que, finalmente, la Corte Constitucional revoque las decisiones tomadas previamente por dos tribunales y emita la sentencia SU-123 de 2018 que recoge y unifica 21 años de jurisprudencia sobre el derecho a la consulta previa, que es clave para proteger la existencia y la diversidad cultural de los pueblos y comunidades étnicas en Colombia.
El anuncio fue de conocimiento público en su momento pues, como pocas veces, una comunidad indígena “le había ganado” a una empresa petrolera. Justamente, por la importancia de estos pronunciamientos la Corte Constitucional en alianza con Amazon Conservation Team desarrolló el proyecto Derechos en el territorio, a través del cual se tradujeron a 26 lenguas nativas algunas de las decisiones de la Corte, incluida la sentencia SU-123 de 2018, para que las comunidades étnicas del país puedan acceder a herramientas jurídicas que les permitan defender sus derechos.
Reunidos en la Casa Cabildo de la comunidad Awá La Cabaña, 25 personas escuchan a Nicolás Segura, abogado y asesor de comunidades étnicas. Mientras unas toman apuntes, otras levantan la mano para hacer preguntas sobre la sentencia de la que son protagonistas y sobre los otros cuatro pronunciamientos de la corte que fueron traducidos a la lengua awa-pit.
Si la lluvia golpea contra el techo de zinc, Nicolás hace una pausa y luego retoman el ejercicio de conversar sobre las cartillas que recogen los pronunciamientos traducidos. A él, que ha hecho el largo trayecto hasta llegar al resguardo para socializar las sentencias, le parece que hay mucho interés entre el grupo y que la comunidad en general se siente motivada por haber ganado.
Y no es para menos, pues la sentencia reconoce que las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes deben ser consultadas en decisiones o actividades que tengan susceptibilidad de afectarles directamente y que la participación es requisito indispensable para garantizar los derechos a la integridad cultural, la libre determinación, el territorio y el uso de los recursos naturales.
Los Awá de La Cabaña consideran que la sentencia SU-123 de 2018 es importante porque se sienten reconocidos como pueblo indígena en el Putumayo, aunque siguen expectantes de los siguientes pasos.
“Ha sido duro. Todavía se está esperando que el tribunal decida cuáles fueron las arbitrariedades que tomaron las empresas”, concluye Willintong.
Mientras tanto, conocer estas sentencias en su lengua alimentan la esperanza de un pueblo decidido a avanzar en el largo camino de acceder a la justicia.
Periodista y magíster en Antropología Visual. Produce contenidos y hace gestión cultural con enfoque en derechos humanos. Integrante de la red Chicas Poderosas y los colectivos Corredores Migratorios y Sentimos Diverso.
El pueblo Indígena Misak-Misak impulsa la revitalización del Namtrik, su lengua ancestral, mediante proyectos educativos y comunitarios que fortalecen su identidad, preservan su cultura y protegen su territorio.
La Corte Constitucional y Amazon Conservation Team trabajan para que las comunidades étnicas conozcan sus derechos y cómo protegerlos.
Para los u’wa las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional adaptadas en su lengua son una herramienta útil para insistir en la protección de sus derechos
Conoce más de esta iniciativa en DerechosenelTerritorio.com y consulta las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional adaptadas a 30 lenguas nativas colombianas.